CLASS OVERVIEW

Learn about Huero the Chieftain who experienced Columbus and the cruelty and destruction that the Europeans brought to the land of Jamaica.

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Explanation: After further research, the information of this book has been thoroughly researched, but there is no historical finding of an actual Chieftain named Huareo but the experiences were historically true.

The author of the book **”Huareo: Story of a Jamaican Cacique”** is **Fred W. Kennedy**. The book tells the story of Huareo, a Taino cacique, and his leadership in Jamaica during the arrival of the Spanish. It’s a meticulously researched historical fiction novel that brings to life the experiences of the Taino people.

Since the story of Huareo was not a fully historical person, please review all of the previous study guides to prepare for the quiz on Jamaica.

Original Black Project 2025

**Black Project 2025** is a viral initiative started by a TikTok creator named **Aniya Holloway** The project aims to combat the conservative agenda outlined in **Project 2025**, which was developed by the Heritage Foundation. The conservative plan includes proposals to eliminate the Department of Education, dismantle Medicaid, and roll back various civil rights protections.

In response, Black Project 2025 encourages Black professionals to pool their talents and resources to create Black-owned businesses, such as banks, grocery stores, and other essential services, to support the Black community. The movement has gained significant traction on social media and aims to foster economic independence and resilience within the Black community.

The **Black Revolutionary Collective (BRC)** is an organization dedicated to empowering Black communities and promoting social justice. They focus on various initiatives, including education, economic development, and community support. The BRC also maintains a list of Black-owned businesses, such as restaurants and grocery stores, to encourage support for Black entrepreneurs.

The leader of the **Black Revolutionary Collective (BRC)** is **MelodyAngel. She is the President and Founder of the organization, which focuses on empowering Black communities and promoting social justice through various initiatives and programs.

The **Black Revolutionary Collective (BRC)** offers several programs aimed at empowering Black communities and promoting social justice

Here are some of their key initiatives:

1. **10-Point Platform**: This platform outlines the BRC’s objectives and demands, including equality in various government departments, an end to police brutality, and economic empowerment through Black-owned businesses
2. **Economic Empowerment**: The BRC supports Black-owned businesses, such as grocery stores, gas stations, and restaurants, to build generational wealth and provide essential services in Black communities
3. **Education**: The BRC advocates for fully funded schools in majority-Black areas and demands that schools teach the full factual account of Black history and African history.
4. **Police Reform**: The BRC calls for an end to police brutality and qualified immunity, and demands police reform, including background checks and regular psyche evaluations for officers.

5. **Mental Health Support**: The BRC proposes reallocating police budgets to create mental health units to handle mental health crises in Black communities.
6. **Community Programs**: The BRC builds free programs associated with financial literacy and economic power, aiming to educate and uplift the community.

These programs are designed to address systemic issues and promote unity and resilience within Black communities.

To get involved with the **Black Revolutionary Collective (BRC)**, you can follow these steps:

1. **Visit Their Website**: Go to the [Black Revolutionary Collective website](https://www.blackrevolutionarycollective.com/) to learn more about their mission, programs, and how to become a member.
2. **Sign Up**: You can sign up to become a BRC member by providing your email and other details on their website.
3. **Participate in Events**: The BRC organizes various events, including voter registration drives, educational workshops, and community programs Keep an eye on their website and social media for upcoming events.
4. **Donate**: If you’re able, consider making a donation to support their initiatives You can find donation options on their website or through platforms like GoFundMe
5. **Volunteer**: Reach out to the BRC to see how you can volunteer your time and skills to support their programs and initiatives.

No Quiz

CLASS OVERVIEW

Continue learning about Jamaica.

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The importance of African slave labor, began by the Spanish, continued until the British which much greater intensity, and through steadily in volume as sugar production increased and extent of value most Jamaican slaves came from the region of modern day Ghana, Nigeria, and Central Africa, and included the Akan, Ashanti, Yoruba, Ibo and Ibibio people. Jamaica was one of the most valuable British colonies but the conditions endured in this place with horrendous. Families were routinely separated, housing and sanitation were abysmal. Many died from over work and starvation. Life expectancy of West African slaves in Jamaica was seven years. The slave trade was abolished in 1807 by then almost 2 million slaves were traded to Jamaica, with tens of thousands dying slave ships and the middle passage between West Africa and the Caribbean. After almost 250 years of rebellion and resistance, emancipation from slavery was finally won in 1838 this happened because of William Wilberforce in England working for 20 years to abolish slavery. The end of slavery brought about the collapse of the plantation system and the West African slaves who fought for their freedoms were no longer prepared to work for their former Masters. All of this contributed to Jamaica having to go through a lot of changes before it became totally independent in 1962.

1. Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean island.
2. Jamaica was named Santiago.
3. The name of the woman warrior was Queen Nanny.
4. She talked the warriors Gorilla Warfare.
5. The techniques used were breathing, how to walk in without being heard and camouflage.

CLASS OVERVIEW

Learn about Jamaica and about the courageous leadership of Queen Nanny who helped to get and keep her people free.

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Jamaica is the largest Caribbean island. The first inhabitants came about 3,000 years ago and the second arrived and made the red ware culture. The Taino people later made the island their home and cultivated cassava and corn. They had villages of woodpine leaves and straw. The island was spotted by Columbus in 1494. He declared that the island was the fairest Island the eyes had beheld.

The Spanish took control and treated The tainos partially as they look for gold. The island became the colony of San diego. The Tainos population started to dwindle because of the harshness of treatment and disease.

They started the slave trade from Africa and the Africans began to escape and were called the maroons. 1700 the British took Jamaica from Spain Britain encouraged privates to get as much gold as possible from the Spanish ports and then when they were finished with them the British started to execute the pirates.

The British imported many more Africans and enslaved them to work on indigo, cacow and most profitable sugar cane.

British forces fought with the maroons from 1686 to 1755. Queen Nanny fought fighting was from 1728 to 1740.

There were other battles which were fought by The maroons and the British from 1795 to 96. There was an abolitionist by the name of William Wilberforce who helped to bring about the abolition of slavery by the British in 1834 after 20 years of endless parliamentary procedures.

Life was still not good for the people of Jamaica and Paul Bogle 1822-65 try to help us a Baptist preacher who led a rebellion in 1865. Paul vocal was executed for high treason. 

Jamaica continue to want better and the activist Marcus Garvey of Rosen 1887 to 40 he rose to power and had large crowds later inspired Severus in the civil Rights movement including the parents of Malcolm x. 1962 Jamaica received its independence from britain. It has had its ups and downs as a country but is recognized for the many contributions of food, reggae music made famous by Bob Marley and the fastest runner in the world H-bolt.

Queen Nanny was from the Akon people and there are several stories about her coming to Jamaica. Her father and people escaped to the Blue mountains of Jamaica and their method maroon and the tainos who have been there since Columbus. Nanny’s father made sure that she knew the ways of the Africans. Nanny became the symbolic mother of all maroons and started leading in battle. Queen Nanny taught what we now know as guerrilla warfare which helped to secure her people. She taught soldiers how to breathe in a way that would not be heard and how to walk through forest and not be heard and  wear camouflage and not be seen, yet attack completely and successfully. She is accredited for freeing a thousand slaves in her lifetime The maroons use powerful communication using a cow horn gourd and a bone she had over 3,000 soldiers. They said that she had supernatural powers. She could catch a bullet shot at her and return the bullet to the source. Any white man who came into Nanny town would be struck dead. She could plant pumpkins and the seeds would sprout in a few days to feed her people. 

It is believed she died of old age in 1760s. She is the only woman that is commemorated in Jamaica as a Jamaican leader. Her face is on the $500 note. Her legacy lives on with the people of Jamaica.

1. What did two salt begin to do as he was in the battle? SHINE
2. What country helped Toussaint and the army? SPAIN
3. After the battle, what country did Toussaint align with? FRANCE
4. Why did Tucson align himself with that country? France Had abolished slavery, Spain had not.
5. What did Napoleon not want to happen? Blacks to rule in any part of the world.
6. What was  Toussaint’s philosophy about government? Black should rule blacks.

CLASS OVERVIEW

Learn about Toussaint L’Overture  and his leadership in battle and government. Learn how Haiti won their freedom.

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N/A

San Domingo, a small colony given this name by Columbus, had all the wealth of the colonies in all the world by producing more sugar than any other colony in the world. It became a British colony 1697 to 1791.

After the American Revolution in 1776 and the French Revolution in 1789 many of the enslaved began to start revolts. The French Revolution produce the statement that no man is above the other but that wasn’t  practiced because those who were of mixed race did not have the same rights as those who were white and those who were enslaved had no rights at all. 

One of the revolutionary leaders was named Bookman and after he died the revolution movement and vision almost died with him. There were negotiations for some of the enslaved to return back to the plantations but the French wanted all of the slaves to return so the revolt continued.

Toussaint Louverture was in the rebel camp at first. He was a medicine man and also took care of the horses. He was the negotiator with France but that did not work out.

The revolts were not successful because of the weapons used such as machetes. So the revolters asked the Spanish to help them with food and how to fight the French. 

A commissioner signed a decree which abolished slavery and 1793 he stated the only thing they could do was to abolish slavery he wrote the decree that stated that slavery had ended. 

Now Toussaint had a dilemma. The dilemma was to stay with the Spanish who had helped them to  victory but still had slavery or to go back to the French who had just abolished slavery. To stop push the Spanish back but the French did not like that the slaves were free. 

The French opened their doors to the British and then the British took over the colony. Toussaint and Lego ruled Haiti Toussaint ruled the  North and Lego ruled the South. Everything was going well but in 1799 there was a dispute started between the two. Now Napoleon was told to divide the two which started the fight and the French wanted their land and slaves back but was defeated and the officials went back to France and Toussaint was the ruler of all of Haiti. Toussaint stated that Blacks should rule blacks. All the whites were sent back to their countries. 

France, was a monarch and beheaded King Louie the 16th and then became a republic and then became a dictatorship under Napoleon. Toussaint continued to rule the entire island with 10,000 soldiers.

Napoleon had complete control of France and wrote a constitution for France with no laws to govern the colonies. Toussaint wrote a constitution for the colonies which again abolished slavery forever and and made him governor for life.

Napoleon did not accept this and called Toussaint the gilded negro and thought he needed to stop the march of the Blacks. Napoleon sent 20 to 80,000 soldiers to the island and was going to take the island over and arrest The general and put everyone back into slavery and he hoped to accomplish all these plans in 30 days. 

Kristoff held the soldiers back and Toussaint took the people up into the mountains because he felt if they waited out the rainy season  the soldiers would die from the yellow fever. There was a woman leading one of the battles and her name was Marie Jean.

After more negotiations the hostilities between the French and the Haitians ended and Toussaint retired and went on a plantation to live with his family. 

Later, Toussaint was arrested and taken to France where after being put in a castle and not being fed well or cared for died April 7th 1803.

A decade later Napoleon stated,  “My decision to destroy the Blacks of the island, was not about money or fortune, but to keep Blacks from gaining power in the world,” but later he said he should have let Toussaint rule Haiti.

Haiti gained it’s Independence as a free country on January 1, 1804. This is their Independence Day. Every January 1st they eat soup made with squash to celebrate.

1. What crop were the French interested the most in planting and raising. Sugar
2. Haiti became the richest Colony in the World.
3. They imported 40,000  African a year.
4. What were a lot of the Africans who were imported? Warriors
5. What was the age Africans were expected to live? 7

CLASS OVERVIEW

Learn about the continuing destruction of the Tainos’ island and the beginning of the African slave trade.

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The transcript

So as of Taino started to die out, the, priest, the priest, let me say that again, the priest suggested, why don’t you go over to Africa and, get some enslaved people from there.

So, they decided, to start importing Africans to do the work that they wanted  done.

Anyway, so, I was saying Spain wanted to reestablish their place in the European world was so important.

So, as I said, the priest said, let’s go over to Africa and get Africans, to enslave.

What was happening in Africa. There were wars between different nations and  tribes.

Africans would sell the captives from the tribes that were, instead  like, in Benin.

The women warrior would throw the, the warriors over a wall.

Going back to the Pirates, the people on the mainland started selling and trading with the pirates and things, uh, uh, things like bacon and some of the, the meat and livestock. That’s what they started, uh, trading with the pirates.

They started to plant tobacco and other crops, which was doing very well.

The French settled and formed a treaty. So things were going well. They were planning tobacco, they were growing tobacco.Tobacco was being shipped back to Europe and other places. So the French made a treaty with the Spanish.

They split the island, in two parts so there was a French side and the Spanish side. There was San Domingo was the Spanish side, and Santo Domingo was the French side.

The French, uh, were not intereste in mining. They were interested in their tobacco and they introduced another crop sugar. Because they were interested in sugar cane, they needed to bring more enslaved people.

Europe got most of the Africans from sub Sahara Africa to work on the sugar cane.

So even now we can see why, sometimes we wonder why  our people, are prone, some of our people are prone to being part of gangs and what have you. That whole warring mentality, wanting to belong to something that has a purpose. Unfortunately, the purpose is not a good purpose.

1. The name of the first people of Haiti was Tainos.
2. How many chiefs did the Tainos have? 5
3. What was the makeup of the Taino’s rulers? There had to be a least one male Chief if there were all femals Chief or one female if there were all male chiefs for balance.
4. Who came to The Haiti? Christopher Columbus 
5. What did he bring? Destruction

CLASS OVERVIEW

Learn about the original people of Haiti the Tainos and how they lived their lives until the arrival of Christopher Columbus.

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Haiti sits in the middle of the greater Antilles which are islands in the northern part of the world near the Americas.

Before 1492, Haiti was divided into five separate kingdoms: Jaraqua, Maguana, Marien, Maguana and Highey.

There were five Chiefs or Caciques. Many more had ruled before Columbus.

In their governing system, there were always mixed genders in governing. There could not be all men or all women chiefs, there must always be at least one male chief, if the other chiefs were all women or one woman chief if the other chiefs were all men, to rule Haiti.

The chief’s job was to keep order, make sure people were taken care of with enough food and dwellings.

They’re dwellings, called Bohios, consisted of homes that were circular for very large families, up to 10 to 15 men and families. The Chiefs would have rectangular homes and they could have up to 30 wives and all live together.

The Tainos used hammocks the same as we use today and they were made out of cotton. 

They also used canoes for transportation and the canoes could hold up to 10 to 15 people and larger canoes would hold up to 150 people depending on the size. Many people came from South America using these kinds of canoes. 

The Tainos were very agricultural people and the main part of their diet was the Yuca plant which looks like a potato. They made it into cassava and also made bread. They also had fish, and would barbecue the fish. They also hunted for small animals. They had cooking Huts. The women were the agriculturalist and the men would hunt and fish; they also hunted turtles. 

They had a language and had a lot of symbols to add to communications. Petroglyphs were carved on walls and stone. 

They had birds for pets and also they use the birds as Messengers. They train the birds to go across the island to give warning and messages.

The Tainos believed in many gods and they represented their gods with Zemis or Cemis. They would sculpture their gods in a triangular form. They had strong beliefs in ancestors and in the Chiefs. They use these Zemis for guidance. The main Zemi was for water and food which sustain them for their survival.

The Tainos were a peaceful people, but they had an enemy that would come and raid their villages called the Caribs. They used bows and arrows and clubs to defend themselves. The  Caribs were sometimes known to be cannibalistic 

Chief Anacona, who was the only woman Chief at the time to provide balance,  was from the bloodline of chiefs. She was talented with poetry and dance and was very athletic. She was honored all over Haiti. She was also a religious expert as well. After her brother’s death she went with her husband and became ruler in her kingdom.

There was no jealousy in their kingdom. They were peaceful people living a simple life. No one owned any land and the land belonged to everyone. 

In 1492, Columbus came to Haiti where Anacona was Chief. When Columbus’s ship came to the island, it wrecked, the Tainos jumped in the ocean to save the wreckage thinking that the people might need what was floating in the ocean. As Columbus saw the kindness of the Tainos and the gold that they had around their necks and wrist, he began to think that these people would be easy to make servants and get gold from them. Columbus had at least 100 people with him on this voyage.

Columbus and his people built a fort and named the island Hispaniola for Spain.

Columbus return back to Spain and left the 30 people in Haiti where they were making the Tianos dig for gold, disrespecting them and treating them very harshly.  At the beginning, the missionaries and soldiers held a Christmas dinner for everyone but the Taino’s realized that these people meant them no good and killed all of them by burning down the fort. 

When Columbus return, he brought back hundreds of Conquistadors to enslave the population and take all the gold. The Conquistadors ruled with terror and killed the Tainos with cruel acts of violence. They burnt the Chiefs alive. 

The priest tried to convert the people.

Before Columbus, the Tainos were 500,000 to 2 or 3 million, after Columbus, the number was below 50,000 after murders slavery disease, rape and other atrocities. 

There was fierce resistance by the Tainos and some went up in the mountains.

There was a new governor in the area who was cruel and crushed the rebellion with much cruelty. He used the lies that things would change but that’s what they were, lies. There were two chiefs who were brothers who wanted to speak to the king of Spain and were told that they were going to be brought to the King but either they were killed on the ship or the shipwreck but they never got to Spain. 

Anacona prepared a party for the Spanish to offer peace for her kingdom and the Spanish came but they closed the Tainos up in the building and set the building on fire. Anaconda was rescued. They told Anacona if she would become a Christian and marry the governor, that her life would be spared and she said no, and they killed her. 

After all of these experiences there were no full-blooded Tainos left in Haiti after Columbus.

1. Alexander Pushkin is known as The Father of Russian literature.

2. Yasuke was known as the African Samurai of Japan.

3. St. Augustine of Hippo was one of the most influential men the Christian church has ever known. Quote: Pray as though everything depends on god. Work is so everything depends on you.